The Basics

Penile cancer is a rare disease, especially in the U.S. However, in some parts of Africa and South America, it accounts for 10% of cancer in men. It occurs mostly among older men, and tends to be diagnosed late in its progress. Men infected with HPV (Human Papiloma Virus) are at a higher risk. Uncircumcised men with poor genital hygiene are also at risk.

Some studies show that circumcision itself may reduce the risk of penile cancer. Other studies have not confirmed the causal link. Most authorities do not suggest circumcision solely to lower the risk of penile cancer.

The presence of smegma, the cheesy substance found under the foreskin, has been implicated in penile cancer, but a recent scientific review found insufficient evidence of a causal link. Female genitalia also produce smegma.